Cultural Information - CANADA
Answers to your intercultural questions from a
Canadian and a local point of view.
• Conversations
• Communication
Styles
• Display
of Emotion
• Dress,
Punctuality & Formality
• Preferred
Managerial Qualities
• Hierarchy
and Decision-making
• Religion,
Class, Ethnicity, & Gender
• Relationship-building
• Privileges
and Favouritism
• Conflicts
in the Workplace
• Motivating
Local Colleagues
• Recommended
Books, Films & Foods
• In-country
Activities
• National
Heroes
• Shared
Historical Events with Canada
• Stereotypes
Question:
I am meeting someone for the first time and I want
to make a good impression. What would be good discussion topics?
Local Perspective:
When meeting Canadians for the first time, there
are a number of topics that can be touched upon. But the first question on
first contact will be: what do you do? Work/occupation is important to
Canadians, and it is also a social marker; it is what separates and defines a
person in relation to another. Another related topic of conversation is
educational attainment and/or professional experience.
Canadians are known for travelling and thus are
curious about world geography and other lands. When meeting someone a
conversation may also touch on places to visit, be it locally or overseas. They
want to know about other places, including the food, customs, music, the
political climate. These interactions may differ depending on how the contact
is made. For instance, when meeting someone for business, the conversation
maybe confined to very safe and neutral topics. When meeting people through
friends or associations, the connection may take a deeper level.
Canadians are keenly aware of
"otherness", and consequently it is common to hear: where are you
from? as a first contact question. Asking questions like this one is a way to
assert identity, and establish the boundaries of belonging. This is a question
posed to Canadians from other regions, and newcomers to Canada, as there is a
strong sense in Canadian identity of what one is not. This relation is
expressed often to mark the differences between provinces and also to assert
their difference between themselves and their Americans cousins.
Humour should be approached with caution in Canada,
as in other places, because the sense of political correctness is very strong
in many social circles. Take time to learn the appropriate and acceptable
limits of humour to avoid the risk of offending someone. However, it is important
to note that humour is region and city specific in some cases. In the East
Coast of Canada, for instance, humour can be self-effacing and people’s
sensitivities are tougher with more tolerant limits. Similarly, Quebec has a
different threshold for humour and limits on the topics used.
Topics to be avoided on first contact are money,
salary, religion, and politics, especially the separatist movement. Newcomers
to Canada can use the interlocutor’s cues for approaching topics or subjects
during a first rendezvous.
Canadian Perspective:
Good topics of conversation are: work, studies, the
weather (a good opener), one’s house, vacations, sports (especially hockey,
American football, baseball, water sports and, increasingly, soccer/football)
and other leisure activities. Generally, Canadians are not comfortable talking
about salaries or personal finances and tend to steer away from discussing
emotions. Asking questions about marriage or children can be interpreted as too
personal by some.
Generally, it is good to keep conversation light
and, if possible, funny. If people really want to know a lot about a given
subject, they will ask questions; otherwise, it is best not to get too
seriously into any one topic.
Appropriate topics of discussion will depend a lot
on the crowd. Most Canadians know something about local or national politics,
but many do not concern themselves with such issues. In any case, you will hear
Canadians complain about politics and politicians but they are also very
sensitive to how they are perceived by outsiders, so it is best to refrain from
criticizing. Many Canadians have travelled abroad and have differing degrees of
exposure to the ways of other countries. The more they have travelled, the more
curious they are likely to be about the perceptions of foreigners; I would not
recommend making this a main topic of conversation, however.
Canadians are often very proud of their natural
surroundings, Canadian weather and their heartiness with respect to enduring
the weather. Canadian musicians, writers, film producers and actors (comedians
especially) are also a great source of pride. Men in particular are proud of
Canadian beer and hockey, although women are increasingly a part of this
sub-culture. Virtually all Canadians are eager to distinguish themselves from
Americans.
The best way to impress most Canadians is to show
what you have noticed is different from the United States, as there is a great
deal of sensitivity and concern about being lumped in with our powerful
neighbour. Most Canadians see themselves as humbler, funnier, more tolerant
and/or less aggressive than Americans. I would not recommend overly criticizing
the US, however. Canada depends on its neighbour and has strong cultural and
historical ties. Many Canadians have relatives who live in the US.
Canadians tend to be very politically correct and
concerned with fairness, although this varies from one region to the next and
depends on the crowd. As the cherished image of many Canadians is of a tolerant
society that is also more socially minded than that of the US, discussions of
social classes, racial or other discrimination and private medical care are to
be approached with care.
Generalizations about Canadians can also raise
sensitive issues of regionalism. Central Canadians typically claim to speak for
the country and Quebecois, people from the East Coast, the North, the West
Coast, the West and the Prairies frequently differ from Central Canadians’
perspectives and are eager to point out the differences. A similar dynamic
operates between Toronto and anyone outside of Toronto and there can be large
cultural differences between other cities as well.
Question:
What do I need to know about verbal and non-verbal
communications?
Local Perspective:
Canadians jealously guard personal space and
privacy, making them very reserved people. It takes a while for them to warm up
to newcomers, but this does not mean that Canadians are not welcoming. They are
quite civil and polite. Thus a first contact will almost never include
discussion on personal aspects of their lives, such as earnings, weight, diets,
health conditions, etc. This may change as the relationship develops or if it
fits with the purpose of the meeting.
When lining up in a public place, the bank for
instance, Canadians require at least 14 inches of space and some people need
more. This rule should be applied when speaking to Canadians, especially if the
speaker is a man addressing a woman. Men and women need and protect their
space, sometimes with an active signal or else with more subtle body language
that has to be monitored at all times. The rules vary from province to
province, eg: in Quebec people may not need as much personal space, and
touching is more common. Typically, people from Quebec greet each other using
more physical signs such as hugs and kisses and may offer kisses on the cheek
to newcomers after a few encounters.
Men tend to gesture more while conversing than
women, and young people more than older people. In general; there is a unspoken
code of decorum that has to be observed in public places and which can only be
broken in big gatherings such as an outing to a restaurant. Making eye contact
is a sign of respect and sincerity. It also signals a real engagement between
speakers. Most of the issues of communication, especially tone of voice,
directedness, and even making eye contact are inscribed in a complex dynamics
of gender and class; those with more prestige can afford to break the rules and
have the licence to initiate or limit the degree of expression in the
interaction.
Canadian Perspective:
Canadians differ from one another. Ethnic
background and place of residence are important factors in determining peoples’
level of comfort with touching and gestures.
In general, however, Canadians expect a high degree
of respect for public and especially for private property and space. Canadians
generally have a very strong sense of space (no more or less than an arm’s
length); particularly when speaking or dealing with strangers. It is best to
carefully observe each person’s degree of comfort with touching and their
preference for personal space.
Canadians will not necessarily maintain constant
eye contact, but it is considered a sign of dishonesty or insecurity if a
person refuses to or is reluctant to make eye contact.
Also scorned are some personal habits associated
with other cultures such as clearing one’s throat aggressively, not wearing
deodorant, burping in public, slurping, chewing with one’s mouth open or
spitting.
Canadians usually shake hands with both men and
women, particularly in a public or professional setting. In some cases,
especially among friends in French-speaking circles, men and women will often
give each other a kiss on each cheek. In English Canada, good friends will
sometimes hug each other. Generally, men do not touch other men beyond the
standard handshake unless they have reached a fairly high level of comfort with
that person or they are playing sports. This rule is similar for contact
between men and women. Women are less bound by these rules. However, holding
hands and repeated or prolonged physical contact is reserved for ’intimate’
and/or exclusive relationships or family (ie: not between friends). Family
members will often maintain close physical contact with young children.
Many Canadians find a lot of hand movement while
talking distracting or even annoying; some see it as a sign of insecurity.
Nevertheless, Canadians may expect people of other cultures to use more hand
movements and gestures. Mentioning the possible difference may be a way of
gauging peoples’ responses.
One gesture to avoid is waiving the index finger
from side to side. This is normally used with children and means, "no, you
can’t do that".
Question:
Are public displays of affection, anger or other
emotions acceptable?
Local Perspective:
Consistent with a strong sense of personal space
and with protestant prudence, it is not that common to see Canadians displaying
affection in public. Strangers have verbally scorned me when I am hugging my
partner on the street.
There is an implicit acceptance of ’positive yet
neutral’ affection, for instance, old friends meeting after a long time,
congratulations for achievements, etc. Yelling in public is uncommon, unless
people are inebriated or having a fit of road-rage. In the event that there is
scene of violence or someone is being attacked (verbally or physically), it is
likely that the Police would be called to intervene. Canadians, in general,
avoid conflict and confrontation and thus it is not common for people to
intervene directly.
The rules for reacting and displaying affection and
emotions are quite similar in offices (private or public sector). Decorum is
highly valued and this implies limits on the types of displays of affection.
The greeting is a handshake, irrespective of the rank or gender of the persons.
Well-acquainted colleagues may permit themselves more open expressions of
affection, including kisses on the cheeks (Canadians - if and when they kiss -
usually would give two kisses, one on each cheek).
Canadian Perspective:
Canadians do not appreciate aggressive behaviour or
driving and have a low tolerance for shouting and public displays of affection.
Many Anglophone Canadians are uncomfortable with strong demonstrations of
emotions, particularly if it is with someone they do not know well. In Quebec
or in many immigrant communities, emotions may be more freely expressed.
Question:
What should I know about the workplace environment
(deadlines, dress, formality, etc.)?
Local Perspective:
For the most part, Canada is a relatively informal
and relaxed country. The common dress code for offices is informal to casual
for both men and women. This may vary when comparing private and public
sectors, the latter being the more informal. Larger cities are dressier than
smaller towns. Canadian women wear little make-up and their clothes can be
relatively conservative and comfortable. Younger women can be seen in more
revealing clothes and wearing more flattering outfits, especially in schools.
Younger men stick to the accepted kakis and chinos, with some verging on the sport
jacket and/or vest. In general, Canadians wear very dark and sober tones. In
summer, white and brighter colours are permissible.
In keeping with the relaxed yet reserved attitude
of the country, it is important to observe some basic rules when meeting someone
for the first time:
- address the person by Mr. or Mrs. plus last name and in some cases by their
title (e.g. Dr.) until the person asks to be addressed differently;
- arrive on time (if possible 5 to 10 minutes earlier) as punctuality is highly
valued while lateness is looked down upon, unless due to valid extenuating
circumstances;
- speak directly and in a assertive manner to avoid misunderstandings, while
ensuring not to appear aggressive.
As time passes, the initial formalities will be
replaced by a more comfortable relationship. Junior people may address managers
and superiors by their first name and establish a more equal relationship. Most
often than not, the direction of the relationship is determined by those in
higher ranks.
Another important rule for Canadians is deadlines
(the basic word made up by adding the qualifier ’dead’ to the word ’line’, in
my view, conveys the meaning that Canadians attach to it); they are taken with
utmost seriousness.
Canadian Perspective:
Work styles and pace differ between workplaces but
it is important to be clean. Most Canadian work environments are very relaxed
in terms of dress and level of formality, although shorts and jeans are not
that common in office environments. Women tend not to wear very revealing or
tight-fitting clothing, although this depends on the individual and on the
workplace and the sector.
Canadians tend to address each other on a
first-name basis, although it is always best, especially with one’s superiors,
to start out with Mr. or Mrs. (or Dr.) and the person’s last name. Ms. is used
to refer to a woman without inquiring about her marital status (considered a
private matter) and should be used by default. In French, madame is used
by default. Do not use Madam or Madame in English. Madam is
frequently used sarcastically and disrespectfully and Madame is
associated with the managers of brothels!
Quebec culture tends to be more hierarchical and
the formal vous form is frequently used for strangers and elders (especially in
rural areas). However, the informal tu is used much more freely than in France
or many other French-speaking countries.
Many workplaces have some degree of flexibility in
terms of hours worked and punctuality. Generally, however, Canadians work
diligently and office chitchat is considered somewhat delinquent; it is not
acceptable to openly waste an employer’s time. Serving clients well and rapidly
is usually a high priority. Overtime is often expected, especially in
management positions. Lateness is not received well but, depending on the
workplace, arriving five or ten minutes late occasionally (with a good excuse)
is usually within the realm of the acceptable.
Question:
What qualities are most highly regarded in a local
superior/manager? How will I know how my staff view me?
Local Perspective:
Canada is a place where innovation and hard work
are well-regarded qualities at work and elsewhere. A combination of high level
of education, experience, hard work and charisma is the winning ticket for
success for most managers/superiors. Canada, as many other industrialized
countries, is seeing a growing trend towards credentialism. Thus, young and
experienced managers may possess 2 or 3 university degrees, and some see the
necessity to retrain in order to stay competitive and current with the job
market needs and increase their chances at a job. Similarly, newcomers to
Canada have better chances of being successful in the market if they have
suitable credentials.
Personal charisma, diplomacy and tact as well
cultural sensitivity are quite crucial for the success of a manager in facing
and adequately dealing with the challenges of a new cultural setting which may
have different work ethic and codes for behaviour. Depending on the degree of
openness, the size of the staff and the internal culture of the office, a
manager will learn how the staff views him/her. Some workplaces hold regular
meetings and these can be places where people would voice positive opinions
about a manager’s decision or action. If the issue is a contentious one, some
people may voice their opinions, and others may not since they may think that
voicing their objections may threaten their job security. Canadian directedness
and assertiveness must be used strategically in difficult cases.
A manager is expected to deal with and handle
conflict in a constructive manner to minimize disruptions to normal activities
the office. As persons in a position of leadership, they must lead by example.
They are expected to meet deadlines and observe procedures and rules of the
office.
Canadian Perspective:
Academic and professional skills give some
indication of background but experience is also highly valued and ultimately
you will be judged by your performance and ability to get the job done. Age,
social status and connections are not typically given a lot of weight; however,
their importance should not be underestimated.
Teamwork is often considered an ideal form of
working. A person who comes across as ’knowing it all’ may be seen as
uncollaborative or even arrogant and inflexible. It is important to show
confidence as well as humility and good listening skills. Canadians tend to
appreciate approachability and problem-solving abilities over authoritarian
styles of management.
The same would apply for a non-local manager,
although fair degree of adaptation to the Canadian environment would be
expected since most foreigners are not distinguished from immigrants.
Question:
In the workplace, how are decisions taken and by
whom? Is it acceptable to go to my immediate supervisor for answers or
feedback?
Local Perspective:
By and large, big decisions are taken by
managers/superiors. In some places there can be consultation prior to making
the decisions and non-manager’s opinions may be considered when proceeding.
This does not mean that decision can go unchallenged, and for the most part, it
is at this point that managers may take steps to include other voices.
Ideas for decisions may come from subordinates as
well from management. This can happen in a meeting, a consultation, or a
survey. Many places reward and encourage participation and initiative, which
may include asking clarifying questions, or offering an alternative to an idea.
While participation may be encouraged, the venues and opportunities may be
limited by the structure of the organization, and/or prevalence of the culture
of hierarchies (mostly based in many cases on educational levels and
experience).
Younger employees expect to be mentored and guided
to grow professionally. They also expect to be given space to make
contributions and express innovative ideas, although, as indicated above, the
opportunities may be limited.
NGOs make more efforts to flatten the hierarchical
structures and strive for working from a consensus-building point of view. This
type of situation is more desired than actualized. Canadians in general believe
that authority can be challenged, and they raise questions when the situation
is propitious. The success of these challenges rests largely on the
fear/respect of public opinion.
Canadian Perspective:
Decisions tend to be made by managers and there
would be a direct correlation between the seriousness of the matter and the
level of authority at which a decision would be made or resolution sought.
Consensus is considered desirable but not imperative.
It is generally accepted in Canadian society that
young people have a lot of ideas and that older people have more experience and
perhaps more knowledge. Frequently, in the private sector, initiative is
encouraged and employees are encouraged to promote and develop their ideas. How
much latitude the employee is given will depend on the sector, the scale and
importance of the work or idea, the size of the company or organisation and/or
the manager’s style. Generally supervisors act as gatekeepers and filterers of
ideas.
It is entirely acceptable to go to your supervisor
for answers or feedback, however you will be expected to demonstrate your
analysis of the situation at hand. In some cases you may be expected to take
initiative and complete an assignment with minimal supervision; this will vary
between workplaces and managers and is worth clarifying early on.
Question:
Briefly describe the local culture’s attitudes
regarding the following: Gender, Class, Religion and Ethnicity. What impact
would the above attitudes have on the workplace?
Local Perspective:
Canada is a very ethnically and religiously diverse
and rich country. Almost all countries in the world are represented in the
Canadian population. For its diversity, Canada is a place with a relatively low
level of conflict. The population is generally tolerant of diversity, and it
has a very liberal approach to social and political issues. This is not to say
that there is not conflict and controversy or that everyone in the country sees
eye-to-eye on all issues.
Gender:
On issues of gender for instance, larger metropolitan centres are more likely
to tolerate and even support the various expressions of gender, including the
extension of rights and benefits to same-sex couples, or celebrating with them
on Pride Day (first weekend in July). This is also true when it comes to
support for women or men to try non-traditional jobs. Despite all these
advances, women can still experience what some refer to as the ’glass ceiling’,
which is the invisible barrier that impedes women’s job mobility into higher
positions.
Religion:
Most offices operate in a relative secular way and it is very uncommon to find
someone who would try to proselytize in the office environment. It is
noteworthy that most holidays observed in Canada are still directly connected
to the Christian religious observances; however, people of other faiths can
also take time off to observe their own holidays.
Class:
There is an unspoken class divide am tong Canadians. People of lower social
classes are also relegated to low-paying jobs that only serve to perpetuate
their condition. There is a high degree of civility while in the office, and no
person would be made to feel inferior on account of their lower socio-economic
condition. However, the division become more evident in he extra-office associations
and social ties and friendships originating at the office tend to be socially
horizontal rather than vertical (up or down). This is a not a straightforward
pattern and can be complicated by educational level and other factors.
Ethnicity:
With ethnicity, the situation is more complicated. Visible minorities, (in
Canada defined as people who are not direct descendants of Europeans),
are gaining ground in their integration into the Canadian social fabric.
Minorities can be seen in public and private offices, and much work is going on
to increase their representation in managerial positions. Similar to the
situation of women, minorities may also face the ’glass ceiling’ and covert
forms of discrimination. Policies and steps have been taken to address these issues,
and much has been gained, but the road ahead is still a long one.
A visible minority person can expect the same
services from public offices, banks, hospitals and educational institutions as
European descendants, and there are mechanisms to report abuse or
discrimination, should the situation arise.
Canadian Perspective:
Gender:
It is common to find women in the workplace at all or most levels, although
they tend to be concentrated in more vulnerable, lower paid and lower skill
sectors. Treatment also differs enormously between sectors and workplaces, and
highly educated and ambitious women still face an old-boys network at upper
levels of authority. Nevertheless, there are lots of women in positions of
authority and women and men are encouraged to take initiative and make
decisions in many workplaces.
Sexual overtures in the workplace are considered
inappropriate and threatening and may result in legal action being taken; the
law protects women. Avoiding any references to sexuality or appearance, unless
on good terms with that person, is a good way of ensuring that any such
comments will not be misinterpreted.
Religion:
There is tremendous diversity in the beliefs of Canadians, religious or
otherwise. In fact, Canada’s constitution protects the right to publicly funded
religious schooling in a limited sense. Many groups are lobbying to have this
right extended to include a range of different religions.
It is advisable to be respectful in any event and
to be sensitive to this diversity. Most Canadians believe it is important to
respect people regardless of their religious beliefs but see religion as a
private matter. Canadians tend to separate work and private life a great deal
and may be uncomfortable when religion is brought into the workplace. Many Canadians,
regardless of their religious background, do not actively participate in
religious activities.
Class:
Many Canadians are very uncomfortable talking about social classes and would
prefer to identify themselves as middle-class, whether or not this is true.
Mostly, a person’s class is defined by their level of education and income,
although connections are important for upper-middle and upper classes. Work
environments are usually organised on the basis of some hierarchy and those at
the top have more education than those lower down. Nevertheless, fair treatment
of all staff is expected.
Ethnicity:
Ethnicity in Canada is a concept that has evolved throughout its history and
can refer to the English-French divide (which is much more than linguistic),
the difference between Canadians of European origin/settlers and indigenous
peoples and, more recently, ’whites’ or Canadians of European origin and those
of non-European origin. Canada`s immigration policies have led to a truly
diverse population, mostly in urban areas.
In bilingual (English-French) workplaces, language
is perhaps the biggest dividing factor. Socialising in such workplaces is
frequently among people of the same language. In non-bilingual workplaces,
which represent the majority, the region, cultural considerations and the
expectations of linguistic ability will often have an important impact on to
which Anglophone and Francophone Canadians will find themselves working
together. Mastery of a specific language is often an important hiring
criterion.
My work experience has been in fairly ’white’
settings and so I cannot say to what extent ethnicity is an issue in
workplaces, except to say that it is a complex issue. Racial and ethnic
prejudices certainly exist and, like other prejudices are likely to manifest
themselves at work. In many cases, the ethnic make-up of a workplace depends on
the sector and some sectors are considered less accessible to visible
minorities than others. There have been recent efforts in the Federal
Government to increase the representativeness of the public service. In the
past, ethnic minorities have tended not to benefit from the same networks of
connections and contacts as those of European backgrounds. This is quickly
changing with the increasing percentage of highly qualified members of ethnic
minorities in the workforce. The relative vulnerability of ethnic minorities in
the workplace is likely to be a more pernicious feature and is not really
talked about.
The situation of indigenous peoples in Canada is
considerably more complex and problematic.
Question:
How important is it to establish a personal
relationship with a colleague or client before getting to business?
Local Perspective:
Building rapport is very critical to conducting
successful business affairs in Canada. The type and depth of the rapport would
greatly depend on the sort of business. A good starting place is a meal, and
the person who hosts usually covers the hospitality costs. Some
company/institutions would invite candidates for an interview or to meet
him/her in person and cover the costs. When offering any services and the
meeting takes place over lunch, the person offering the services may pick up
the tab.
In general, meals are good spaces for rapport
building. Most Canadians cover their own costs. Restaurants are considered
neutral territories, and so are cinemas, or concert halls. It is important to
set boundaries to prevent misunderstandings, and accept or extend invitation to
people’s homes only when the relationship’s boundaries are clearly defined. Men
and women have to be aware of potential accusations of sexual harassment or any
other type of inappropriate behaviour.
Also, it is important to build good friendly
relationships across the whole organization, from the concierge to the
managers; all of them make a very important support network in the office. To
strengthen relationships with concierges, for example, it suffices to exchange
greetings and a chat when arriving to or leaving the office. Also they can be
invited or included in some way where there is a special event in the office.
If the goal is to build rapport with administrative assistants (in Canada the
word secretary is not politically correct to describe an administrative support
position) regular expressions of appreciation of their work and contributions
are key.
Canadian Perspective:
It is important to introduce oneself and to be
clear about reasons for being there and aims, either in the meeting or before
discussing the project at hand. This does not have to take a lot of time and
business matters usually follow quickly after such introductions. Nevertheless,
some degree of superficial chitchat is common and can help break the ice.
Workplace relations, which tend to be among peers,
are often kept quite separate from personal relationships and many Canadians
like it that way and value their privacy. A personal relationship (as opposed
to a friendly professional relationship) with a client would be unusual in many
Canadian workplaces.
Question:
Would a colleague or employee expect special
privileges or considerations given our personal relationship or friendship
Local Perspective:
Yes, connections are important to doing business in
Canada, although not necessarily for the same reasons as in other places (eg:
corruption). Rather, because people are connected through networks of expertise
and know-how. I have heard in Canada a variation of the saying: "it is not
what you know, but who you know, that gets you the job", which goes like
this: "it is who knows what you know/your skills that gets you the
job". What I take this to mean is that connections exist and are used to
get people jobs, but it is very important to be qualified for the job/contract
to get it. The reputation of the person in charge is on the line if s/he was to
hire a person without considering if the person if fit for the job. Friends and
family members may (and do) recommend someone for a particular job or task, but
the decision rests entirely with the manager.
Canadian Perspective:
Networks and contacts are important for finding out
about and even taking advantage of opportunities in the workplace;
nevertheless, fairness, or at least the appearance of fairness is expected.
Virtually always, qualifications are important in hiring or promoting, but they
may not be the only criteria and they may be defined rather openly. This is
less true of small or family-run businesses, which make up a significant
proportion of the economy in Canada, and where it is entirely acceptable for a
business owner to hire his or her own family members (Note: a manager or any
other employee would not be able to do so quite as easily).
I would definitely not recommend granting special
favours as this could expose you to very grave disciplinary measures or at
least to unwanted attention and notoriety. This is especially true in large
organisations and in positions that are high profile. If you do wish to
consider hiring or promoting someone who is a personal friend based on merit,
it is probably best to distance yourself from the process and be very
transparent about the criteria used for making the decision, especially in
public sector workplaces.
Question:
I have a work-related problem with a colleague. Do
I confront him or her directly? Privately or publicly?
Local Perspective:
Direct questions, more often than not, get direct
answers. Most people are prepared to talk out differences of opinion with
another colleague, although it largely depends on the nature of the issue and
how contentious it is. A private conversation in a neutral place (restaurant,
or café) is the preferred setting for such conversations. If there is sense
that a colleague has taken some distance, or shows less interest in previously
shared things, chances are that there is something the matter. The extent of the
issue can be negligible in many cases, but it is important to address it early
on so as to prevent a future escalation. A simple direct question can give the
desired answer and be the key for a renewed dialogue; Canadians do not like
confrontation, but respond well to any sincere attempt to mend any situation.
Canadian Perspective:
Avoid publicly confronting someone. A third party
may not be willing to intervene but talking to a neutral party who is familiar
with the situation may be useful. I recommend trying indirect methods for
resolving the dispute and leaving direct confrontation as a last resort. Going
to a supervisor might be called for in desperate situations.
Question:
What motivates my local colleagues to perform well
on the job?
Local Perspective:
Good performance on the job depends on a host of
conditions such as job satisfaction, commitment, recognition for contributions
made, fair remuneration, loyalty, and of course, good working conditions. This
is true in Canada and elsewhere. In Canada there is a very strong work ethic,
and most people want to work, although less than desirable conditions can lead
to frustration and discontent among workers.
In general, people like to be part of the team and
feel appreciated and consulted about decisions that can affect their lives,
such as restructuring, lay-offs, etc. They also like to receive recognition for
outstanding contributions, such as promotions, or any form of incentive to
encourage further participation.
Canadian Perspective:
This differs between individuals, sectors, ages and
culture. Most young Canadians consider money important but would be as
concerned about possibilities for advancement, fit and work conditions, if not
more. Job prestige and the degree of responsibility one has are important for
most professionals. Older Canadians might be more concerned about job stability
and benefits although benefits are also important to those who are having
families. On-the-job training is also an important motivator as most Canadians are
acutely aware of the need to keep their skills up-to-date and diversified.
Question:
To help me learn more about the local culture(s),
please recommend: books, films, television shows, foods and web sites.
Local Perspective:
A nice place to start to learn about Canada is to
see a series entitled, "Canada, A People’s History"; this television
series provides an historical overview of the history of this country.
Canada has fine writers; my favourites: Margaret
Atwood, Michael Ondaatje, Rohinton Mistry, Carol Shields, Will Ferguson, John
Ralston Saul, Lawrence Hill, David Suzuki, Bernice Morgan, among many. Reading
these authors can provide not only an idea of Canadian culture, but also how
some Canadians view world issues.
Canadian films (short and long) are powerful and
peculiar; there is something that sets them apart from American productions, I
can think of a few: "Buried on Sunday", "Leolo",
"Jesus of Montreal", "Black Robe" and "Highway
51".
Canadian Perspective:
Books: Timothy Findley (any); Lucy Maud Montgomery
(especially the Anne of Green Gables series; Robertson Davies (any, but
especially Fifth Business); Margaret Atwood The Edible Woman, Mordechai
Richler, Rohinton Mistry’s Family Matters, and Will Ferguson’s Why I
Hate Canadians, Pierre Berton Why Canadians Think the Way They Do.
For a better understanding of Quebecers, read works by Quebec authors Michel
Tremblay, Gabrielle Roy and by poets Émile Nelligan and Anne Hébert (especially
"Speak White").
Music: English: Avril Levigne, Sarah McLaughlin,
Spirit of the West, Susan Aglukart, Jann Arden, Great Big Sea, The Moody Blues,
The Tragically Hip, Blue Rodeo, the Rankin Family, Leonard Cohen, Diana Krall,
Neil Young, Bryan Adams, Holly Cole, Oscar Peterson, K.D. Lang, Alanis
Morrissette, Anne Murray, Our Lady Peace, Bruce Cockburn, Crashtest Dummies and
the Barenaked Ladies. French: Daniel Lanois, Roch Voisine Celine Dion (sings in
both languages), André Gagnon, Harmonium, Paul Piché, Daniel Lanois, Claude
Dubois, Garou, Richard Desjardins, Eric Lapointe, Les Chiens, Natasha
St.Pierre, Marie-Hélène Toupin, Claude Léveillé, Thérèse Montcalm, Diane
Dusfresne, Robert Charlebois, Beau Dommage, Richard Séguin, Michel Rivard,
Vilain Pingouin, Daniel Bélanger, La Chicane, La Bottine Souriante, Gilles
Vignon, Les Colocs, les Respectables, and Felix Lelerc.
Question:
When in this country, I want to learn more about
the culture(s) and people. What activities can you recommend?
Local Perspective:
Canada’s multicultural character offers a host of
cultural experiences and possibilities. The most visible ones are culinary and
cultural (writing, music, cinema, clothes) expressions. It is possible to have
breakfast in China (dim sum), lunch in Lebanon (shawarma) and dinner in Italy
(fettuccini Alfredo or Mushroom Risotto), or, if one prefers to stay more
local, there are great places to enjoy mussels, good fish or lobster, or fish
n’ chips in the Maritimes, or a good portion of poutine in Quebec. To celebrate
Thanksgiving, Christmas and Easter, families get together and they enjoy turkey
dinner complete with cranberry sauce and, many times, wild rice.
Of course one should not miss any opportunity to
canoe in Canada. During summer time hardcore nature lovers embark in projects
such as "portaging" which involves walking and canoeing for miles
into the heart of the forest, a very Canadian experience. There are number of
national and provincial parks and nature reserves with facilities and
campgrounds for amateur and experienced campers.
Of course, one cannot come to Canada and not attend
the national sport: HOCKEY! It is a Canadian must!
"Summertime, when the living is easy"
goes the line in one of Gershwin’s songs. Nowhere is this as true as in Canada.
After a long winter (6 to 8 months), Canada wakes up to a very intense period
of activity including music and cultural festivals. In Calgary, for instance,
it is the time to challenge wild bulls and horses during the Stampede; in
Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Ottawa, Edmonton one can catch a good Jazz
festival, the largest being the Montreal one; if one prefers to be tickled, the
"Just for Laughs" and Ha-Ha- Halifax comic fests might just be the
ticket; one can also celebrate difference during the Pride Parade in Toronto,
which is the kick-off of a series of cultural days culminating with largest
Caribbean fete in North America in August.
In terms of radio and television, I would recommend
the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), on radio I am particularly fond of
"The House: the week on national politics", the local morning radio
show (which varies from city to city), "As it Happens", "The
Current", "The Vinyl Café" among others - My personal favourites
on television, "This Hour has 22 minutes", "Made in
Canada", "The Nature of Things", and of course "The
National" with Peter Mansbridge. Of course, one must do this in both
official languages. CBC (the English network) and Radio Canada (the French
network) are the best sources of information on Canadian culture and current
issues. The networks are also an alternative to the overwhelming presence of
American culture, news and programming in Canadian television.
Canadian Perspective:
Canadians are very sports-oriented and love to go
to cottages and camping. Joining a team sport or sports club is an excellent
way to make friends and gain the trust and respect of Canadians. Also,
Canadians are very proud of their musicians and are pleased when a foreigner
takes an interest in Canadian music. The words of the music may help you
understand how Canadians define themselves. Canadian literature is also very
revealing of Canadian history, culture and lifestyle.
If you are in Quebec, do not miss the experience of
spending an evening with friends at a Cabane à sucre. The Montreal Jazz
festival and St. Jean Batiste (June 24th) celebration are a good time to be in
Montreal and no city celebrates Canada Day (July 1st) like Ottawa. The Calgary
Stampede, which is held every July, is a great attraction as well. If you are
in P.E.I, don’t miss a production of Anne-of-Green Gables.
There are many great things about many different
parts of Canada and beautiful sites everywhere. Many people think of Canada and
images of snow, rivers and mountains come to mind. While adventure travel is
extremely popular in Canada, I would encourage Canadians and non-Canadians
alike to visit small towns and big cities as well to get a true sense of the
diversity of Canadians and the beauty that the country has to offer. That said,
do not miss an opportunity to go canoe camping or to rent or visit a cottage by
a lake!
It is hard to say what food would be typically and
exclusively Canadian, and it depends on the area. Tourtière is very traditional
in francophone Canada and poutine is a strong cultural reference and a must if
you are living in Quebec. Pancakes and maple syrup, corn on the cob and field
tomatoes (summer) are typical dishes. Cinnamon and sugar covered batter called
beaver tails are definitely worth trying, as are homemade pies, butter tarts,
nanaimo bars and cheesecakes. Chocolate chip cookies are a personal favourite
of mine!
Question:
Who are this country's national heroes?
Local Perspective:
One of my most favourite people in Canada is David
Suzuki, a man whose fierce commitment and dedication to the environment has
inspired millions in Canada and abroad. He can be seen on the TV program, the
Nature of things, and read in the many books he has published.
On the sports front, there are many Canadian
heroes: Wayne Gretzky is the king and there are other hockey heroes every year.
Check the NHL website for more info: www.nhl.com.
Canadian comedians are well known because of the
power to make people laugh more than because they are Canadians of
international repute, for instance, Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Jim Carrey, Howie
Mandel, Mike Myers all of them known for their appearances in "Saturday
Night Live" and movies. More locally known are David Foley, Bruce
McCulloch, Kevin McDonald, and Mark McKinney all from the "Kids in the
Hall" show.
The music world also has a few Canadian stars:
Bryan Adams, Barenaked Ladies, Bruce Cockburn, Leonard Cohen, The Crash Test
Dummies, Celine Dion, Glenn Gould, Diana Krall, Chantal Kreviazuk, k.d. lang,
Loreena McKennitt, Sarah McLachlan, Joni Mitchell, Alanis Morissette, Avril
Lavigne, Oscar Peterson, Stan Rogers, Rush, Shania Twain, The Tragically Hip,
Neil Young to name a few.
Astronauts: Roberta Bondar, Marc Garneau, Chris
Hadfield, Michael McKay, Steven MacLean, Julie Payette, among others.
Canadian Perspective:
This of course depends on your perspective and few
heroes are shared by both French and English speaking Canadians. Many would
cite Pierre Trudeau as a hero, although others (particularly Quebecois) revile
him. Francophone Quebecois tend to revere René Lévèsque as one of their
strongest premiers and as someone who stood up for Quebecois and was one of the
driving forces of the Cultural Revolution. Maurice (Rocket) Richard is probably
universally considered a hero, as is Wayne Gretzky, both for being hockey
icons. Some other Canadian athletes would also qualify as heroes, particularly
Terry Fox who ran across Canada with a prosthetic leg to raise money and awareness
for Cancer. Many Canadian musicians have acquired hero status, as have actors
and comedians, although Canadians tend to accept fame only after the artist has
made their name outside of Canada.
Two things that are interesting about Canadians and
heroes are that history is often not given a lot of importance and that
charismatic leadership is controversial and fame suspect. Canadians often
dislike making a fuss. This is less true in Quebec where there can be strong
emotional identification with leaders and popular figures.
Question:
Are there shared historical events between this
country and Canada that could affect work or social relations?
Local Perspective:
Canadians in general are very welcoming of people
from abroad. Many Canadians also hold the view that most immigrants or
newcomers come from places with little or no infrastructure where opportunities
to study and to build knowledge is limited at best, or non-existing, at worst.
This perception can result in two connected responses: altruistic and
paternalistic. The altruistic response can make people react in a very positive
way. For instance, many Canadians often urge the federal government to lend
more support to less developed countries through investments and other forms of
assistance. On the personal level, many Canadians get actively involved in
awareness raising on international issues and participate in volunteer
programs. Many more devote their lives to bringing about social change through
a lifetime commitment of work with various international development agencies
and organizations.
The paternalistic response to the perceived lack of
development of newcomers can lead people to view "others" as
unable to contribute to Canada, its economy and future, and less deserving of
the rights accorded to Canadians as birthright. There are some that view
newcomers and immigrants as potential threats: "immigrants will take away
OUR jobs".
Canada is one of the richest countries in the
world, it is very developed (some parts of the country more than others) and it
offers countless amenities and the opportunity to lead a peaceful existence,
which are conducive to learning and intellectual growth. Side by side,
homelessness and poverty are very present in this country. Discovering this
part of Canada surprised me and gave me my first and most striking cultural
shock when I first visited Toronto 13 summers ago.
Canadian Perspective:
As mentioned under "First Contact",
Canadians frequently assume that a non-Canadian is a recent immigrant and
therefore as someone who has chosen to settle in Canada. Behind that assumption
lies a widely-shared feeling among Canadians that Canada is one of, if not the
best place in the world to live. That means that others, while they may have
made sacrifices to come to Canada, have ultimately made the obvious choice:
bettering their lives by coming to Canada. As a result, Canadians are not
usually surprised by the presence of a foreigner and often expect the foreigner
to accept Canadian norms and gain Canadian experience.
Most Canadians treat foreigners respectfully, even
if there is no great fanfare or welcome. Large Canadian cities tend to be
extremely diverse and accepting of difference; smaller cities and rural areas
are more likely to see foreigners (visible minorities, in particular) as
curiosities or possibly even threats. Americans may run into a certain degree
of hostility combined with curiosity about why they are there.
Question:
What stereotypes do Canadians have about the local
culture that might be harmful to effective relations?
Local Perspective:
Canadian Perspective:
Local Interpreter:
Your cultural interpreter was born in Ibarra,
Ecuador the oldest of nine children. She was raised in this town in the north
Sierra of Ecuador until the age of 25 years. She graduated with B.Ed. from the
Universidad Tecnica del Norte and later immigrated to Canada to continue her
studies at Trent University (Peterborough) and Memorial University (Newfoundland).
She has travelled extensively for work and pleasure in Ecuador, Germany and
Eastern Canada, to a lesser degree in Cuba and Mexico. Your cultural
interpreter is currently living and working in Ottawa and is involved with
organizations looking at issues of diversity in Canada. She is married and has
no children. Her cultural heritage is African-Ecuadorian.
Canadian Interpreter:
Your cultural interpreter was born in Kingston,
Ontario the oldest of two children. She was raised in Ottawa for the most part,
although her family moved back and forth between Ottawa and a variety of other
countries, returning regularly to visit family in other parts of Canada. She
started secondary school in Switzerland and returned to Canada at age 16 to
complete her studies. She obtained her Bachelor's degree in Political Science
and Economics at McGill University in Montreal and then moved to Austria to
study German and work. She later returned to Ottawa to study International
Relations at Carleton University. Afterwards, she went to Chile on a
CUSO-NetCorps internship to help a Chilean non-governmental organisation with
its computer training needs. She has since returned from Santiago and is
working in Gatineau with a consulting firm. She is not married and does not
have any children.
Country Insights -
Intercultural Issues are intended to provide snapshots of the overall social
and cultural norms as well as the workplace environment that a Canadian might
face working in a specific country. For each country, two perspectives are
provided: one by a Canadian and the other by a person born in the selected
country. By comparing the "local point of view" with the
"Canadian point of view", you will begin to form a picture of that
country's culture. We encourage you to continue your research using a variety
of other sources and to use Triangulation as an
evaluation process. Although cultural informants were asked to draw on as broad
a base of experience as possible in formulating their answers, these should be
understood as one perspective that reflects the particular context and life
experiences of that person; they are not intended to be a comment on any
particular group or society.
You may disagree
with or object to the content of some responses. This is to be expected given
the complexity of the subject and the problems associated with speaking
generally about an entire country and its people. We would encourage you to
share your experiences; your contributions will help to make Country Insights a
richer environment for learning.
The content of
Country Insights in no way reflects official policy or opinions of the
Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada or the
Centre for Intercultural Learning.
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